Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Solutions Chapter 4 Reproductive Morphology

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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Solutions Chapter 4 Reproductive Morphology

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Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Reproductive Morphology Text Book Back Questions and Answers

Choose the correct answer
Question 1.
Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of the family …………… .
(a) Fabaceae
(b) Asteraceae
(c) Solanaceae
(d) Brassicaceae
Answer:
(a) Fabaceae

Question 2.
Gynoecium with united carples is termed as …………… .
(a) apocarpous
(b) multicarpellary
(c) syncarpous
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) syncarpous

Question 3.
Aggregate fruit develops from …………… .
(a) multicarpellary, apocarpous ovary
(b) multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary
(c) multicarpellary ovary
(d) whole inflorescence
Answer:
(a) multicarpellary, apocarpous ovary

Question 4.
In an inflorescence where flowers are borne laterally in an acropetal succession the position of the youngest floral bud shall be …………… .
(a) proximal
(b) distal
(c) intercalary
(d) anywhere
Answer:
(b) distal

Question 5.
A true fruit is the one where …………… .
(a) only ovary of the flower develops into fruit
(b) ovary and calyx of the flower develops into fruit
(c) ovary, calyx and thalamus of the flower develops into fruit
(d) all floral whorls of the flower develops into fruit
Answer:
(a) only ovary of the flower develops into fruit

Question 6.
Find out the floral formula for a bisexual flower with bract, regular, pentamerous, distinct calyx and corolla, superior ovary without bracteole?
Answer:

Question 7.
Give the technical terms for the following:
(a) A sterile stamen
(b) Stamens are united in one bunch
(c) Stamens are attached to the petals
Answer:
(a) A sterile stamen – Staminode
(b) Stamens are united in one bunch – Monadelphous
(c) Stamens are attached to the petals – Epipetalous (petalostemonous)

Question 8.
Explain the different types of placentation for example.
Answer:
The different types of placentation with an example:

1. Marginal: It is with the placentae along the margin of a unicarpellate ovary. Example: Fabaceae.
2. Axile: The placentae arises from the column in a compound ovary with septa. Example: Hibiscus, tomato, and lemon.
3. Superficial: Ovules arise from the surface of the septa. Example: Nymphaeaceae.
4. Parietal: It is the placentae on the ovary walls or upon intruding partitions of a unilocular, compound ovary. Example: Mustard, argemone, and cucumber.
5. Free – central: It is with the placentae along the column in a compound ovary without septa. Example: Caryophyllaceae, Dianthus, and primrose.
6. Basal: It is the placenta at the base of the ovary. Example: Sunflower (Asteraceae) Marigold.

Question 9.
Differentiate between aggregate fruit with multiple fruits.
Answer:
1. Aggregate fruit:
Aggregate fruits develop from a single flower having an apocarpous pistil. Each of the free carpels is developed into a simple fruitlet. A collection of simple fruitlets makes an aggregate fruit. An individual ovary develops into a drupe, achene, follicle or berry. An aggregate of these fruits borne by a single flower is known as an etaerio. Example: Magnolia, Raspberry, Annona and Polyalthia.

2. Multiple or Composite fruit: A multiple or composite fruit develops from the whole inflorescence along with its peduncle on which they are borne.

• Sorosis: A fleshy multiple fruit which develops from a spike or spadix. The flowers fused together by their succulent perianth and at the same time the axis bearing them becomes fleshy or juicy and the whole inflorescence forms a compact mass. Example: Pineapple, Jack fruit and Mulberry.
• Syconus: A multiple fruit which develops from hypanthodium inflorescence. The receptacle develops further and converts into fleshy fruit which encloses a number of true fruit or achenes which develops from the female flower of hypanthium inflorescence. Example: Ficus.

Question 10.
Explain the different types of fleshy fruit with suitable examples?
Answer:
The fleshy fruits are derived from single pistil, where the pericarp is fleshy, succulent and differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. It is subdivided into the following:

1. Berry: Fruit develops from bicarpellary or multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary. Here the epicarp is thin, the mesocarp and endocarp remain undifferentiated. They form a pulp in which the seeds are embedded. Example: Tomato, date palm, grapes and brinjal.
2. Drupe: Fruit develops from monocarpellary, superior ovary. It is usually one seeded. Pericarp is differentiated into outer skinny epicarp, fleshy and pulpy mesocarp and hard and stony endocarp around the seed. Example: Mango and coconut.
3. Pepo: Fruit develops from tricarpellary inferior ovary. Pericarp terns leathery or woody which encloses, fleshy mesocarp and smooth endocarp. Example: Cucumber, watermelon, bottle gourd and pumpkin.
4. Hesperidium: Fruit develops from multicarpellary, multilocular, syncarpous, superior ovary. The fruit wall is differentiated into leathery epicarp with oil glands, a middle fibrous mesocarp. The endocarp forms distinct chambers, containing juicy hairs. Example: Orange and lemon.
5. Pome: It develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary. The receptacle also develops along with the ovary and becomes fleshy, enclosing the true fruit. In pome the epicarp is thin skin like and endocarp is cartilagenous. Example: Apple and pear.
6. Balausta: A fleshy indehiscent fruit developing from multicarpellary, multilocular inferior ovary whose pericarp is tough and leathery. Seeds are attached irregularly with testa being the edible portion. Example: Pomegranate.

Textbook Activity Solved

Prepare a diet chart to provide balanced diet to an adolescent (a school going child) which includes food items (fruits, vegetable and seeds) which are non – expensive and are commonly available.
Diet Chart for an Adolescent:

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Botany Reproductive Morphology Additional Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
An eg of cauliflorous inflorescence is
a. Theobroma cocoa
b. Nerium oleander
c. Crotalaria retusa
d. Achyranthus aspera
Answer:
a.Theobroma cocoa

Question 2.
The coconut water and the edible part of coconut are equivalent to …………… .
(a) endosperm
(b) endocarp
(c) mesocarp
(d) embryo
Answer:
(a) endosperm

Question 3.
Head is a characteristic feature of which family?
a. Fabaceae
b. Solanaceae
c. Arecaceae
d. Asteraceae
Answer:
d. Asteraceae

Question 4.
Keel is characteristic petal of the flowers of …………… .
(a) Gulmohar
(b) Cassia
(c) Calotropis
(d) Bean
Answer:
(d) Bean

Question 5.
Raceme of cymes is traced in
a. Verticuliaster
b. Thyrsus
c. Cyathium
d. Hypanthodium
Answer:
a. Verticuliaster

Question 6.
Bracts are modified leaves which bear flowers in their axils. Identify the plant which has a large showy brightly coloured bract …………….
(a) Jasmine
(b) Euphorbia
(c) Hibiscus
(d) Bougainvillea
Answer:
(d) Bougainvillea

Question 7.
A flower which can be divided into equal vertical halves, by more than one plane of division is …………… .
(a) zygomorphic
(b) cyclic
(c) actinomorphic
(d) heteromorphic
Answer:
(c) actinomorphic

Question 8.
The largest inflorescence is seen in
a. Cocas Nucifera
b. Banyan
c. Corypha
d. Phoenix spumbraculifera
Answer:
c. Corypha umbraculifera

Question 9.
The type of inflorescence seen in Caesalpinia is …………… .
(a) corymb
(b) compound corymb
(c) capitulum
(d) umbel
Answer:
(a) corymb

Question 10.
Head is the characteristic of …………… family.
(a) Fabaceae
(b) Malvaceae
(c) Asteraceae
(d) Solanaceae
Answer:
(c) Asteraceae

Question 11.
Hypanthium is
a. A type of inflorescence
b. Sterile Androceium is known as Hypanthium
c. Staminal disc often nectariferous cup-like thalamus
d. Elevated peduncle of the flower
Answer:
c. Satminal disc often nectariferous cup-like thalamus

Question 12.
Number of whorls in a complete flower is …………….
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) four
Answer:
(d) four

Question 13.
A monoclinous flower will have …………… .
(a) androecium
(b) gynoecium
(c) both androecium & gynoecium
(d) none
Answer:
(c) both androecium & gynoecium

Question 14.
Spcrocuclic condition of the arrangement of floral whorls is seen in
a. Solanum nigrum
b. Ocimum sanctum
c. Magnolia
d. Annona
Answer:
d. Annona

Question 15.
…………… is a raceme of cymes.
(a) Verticil
(b) Cyathium
(c) Umbel
(d) Thyrsus
Answer:
(d) Thyrsus

Question 16.
Unit of perianth is …………… .
(a) petal
(b) sepal
(c) tepal
(d) stamen
Answer:
(c) tepal

Question 17.
The number of floral parts per whorl is called …………… .
(a) curosity
(b) atrocity
(c) merosity
(d) porosity
Answer:
(c) merosity

Question 18.
What is the green cap-like part of brinjal fruit?
(a) Corolla
(b) Perianth
(c) Calyx
(d) Pistil
Answer:
(c) Calyx

Question 19.
Butterfly-shaped corolla is seen in …………… type.
(a) rosaceous
(b) caryophyllaceous
(c) cruciform
(d) papilionaceous
Answer:
(d) papilionaceous

Question 20.
Inflorescence seen in Daucas carota is …………… .
(a) umbel
(b) corymb
(c) compound umbel
(d) compound corymb
Answer:
(c) compound umbel

Question 21.
Arrangement of sepals and petals in flower bud is called …………… .
(a) adhesion
(b) aestivation
(c) placentation
(d) cohesion
Answer:
(b) aestivation

Question 22.
Which is not a part of pistil?
(a) Style
(b) Stigma
(c) Connective tissue
(d) carpel
Answer:
(c) Connective tissue

Question 23.
The type of calyx in brinjal is …………… .
(a) caducous
(b) deciduous
(c) persistent
(d) fugacious
Answer:
(c) persistent

Question 24.
Sterile stamen is called …………… .
(a) pistillode
(b) sessile
(c) staminode
(d) apostamen
Answer:
(c) staminode

Question 25.
Another name for gynoecium is …………… .
(a) carpel
(b) pistil
(c) style
(d) overy
Answer:
(b) pistil

Question 26.
Cavity found inside the ovary is called …………… .
(a) lobule
(b) locule
(c) lacuna
(d) labium
Answer:
(b) locule

Question 27.
Which part of saffron flower is used as flavouring agent?
(a) Carpel
(b) Anther
(c) Style
(d) Stigma
Answer:
(d) Stigma

Question 28.
If the ovary is inferior, then the flower is …………… .
(a) hypogynous
(b) epigynous
(c) perigynous
(d) epihypogynous
Answer:
(b) epigynous

Question 29.
Fabaceae members show …………… placentation.
(a) basal
(b) parietal
(c) superficial
(d) marginal
Answer:
(d) marginal

Question 30.
The side of the flower facing the mother axis is called as …………… side.
(a) anterior
(b) posterior
(c) lateral
(d) dorsi – ventral
Answer:
(b) posterior

Question 31.
Which of the following option represents calyx?
(a) C
(b) Ca
(c) K
(d) Ka
Answer:
(c) K

Question 32.
…………… are the products of pollination & fertilization.
(a) Seeds
(b) Ovules
(c) Fruits
(d) Vegetables
Answer:
(c) Fruits

Question 33.
The study of fruits is called…………….
(a) honology
(b) pomology
(c) horticulture
(d) apology
Answer:
(b) pomology

Question 34.
Fruit wall can also be called…………….
(a) endocarp
(b) epicarp
(c) pericarp
(d) mericorp
Answer:
(c) pericarp

Question 35.
Which part of the apple fruit do we eat?
(a) Perianth
(b) Involucre
(c) Thalamus
(d) Bracteole
Answer:
(c) Thalamus

Question 36.
The false septum seen in siliqua fruits is …………… .
(a) frenulum
(b) micropyle
(c) raphae
(d) replum
Answer:
(d) replum

Question 37.
The type of fruit in Ricinus in …………… .
(a) lomentum
(b) cremocarp
(c) regma
(d) nut
Answer:
(c) regma

Question 38.
Jack fruit is an example for …………… .
(a) syconus
(b) siliqua
(c) sorosis
(d) nut
Answer:
(c) sorosis

Question 39.
Which of the following is not a schizocarpic fruit?
(a) Cremocarp
(b) Regma
(c) Samara
(d) Carcerulus
Answer:
(c) Samara

Question 40.
After fertilization …………… modifies into seed.
(a) ovary
(b) ovule
(c) carpel
(d) stigma
Answer:
(b) ovule

Question 41.
In groundnuts, which part nourishes the embryo?
(a) Endosperm
(b) Albumin
(c) Cotyledons
(d) Carpel
Answer:
(c) Cotyledons

Question 42.
…………… are the means for the perpetuation of species.
(a) Fruits
(b) Seeds
(c) Corolla
(d) Flowers
Answer:
(b) Seeds

Question 43.
…………… is the second whorl of the flower.
(a) Calyx
(b) Corolla
(c) Gynoecium
(d) Perianth
Answer:
(b) Corolla

Question 44.
…………… is a ripened ovule.
(a) Carpel
(b) Pistil
(c) Seed
(d) Fruit
Answer:
(c) Seed

Question 45.
Imperfect flowers will have …………… essential whorl(s).
(a) only 1
(b) 2
(c) none
(d) 4
Answer:
(a) only 1

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 Marks)

Question 1.
Differentiate between Staminode & Pistillode
Answer:
When stamen or male reproductive part of a flower remains sterile- we call it Staminode
Eg. Female flower of Musa
When gynoecium or female reproductive part of a flower – remain sterle is known Pistillode
Eg. Male flower of Musa

Question 2.
Where does the inflorescence axis arise in the cauliflorous type of inflorescence?
Answer:
In cauliflorous type, inflorescence developed directly from a woody trunk. Example: Theobroma cocoa.

Question 3.
Name any two mixed inflorescences.
Answer:
Two mixed inflorescences:

1. Thyrsus and
2. Verticillaster.

Question 4.
When a flower is said to be complete?
Answer:
A flower is said to be complete when it has all the four whorls (calyx, corolla, androecium & gynoecium).

Question 5.
Define Schizocarpic fruit.
Answer:
It is intermediate between dehiscent and indehiscent Instead of dehiscing splits into a number of segments, each containing one or more seeds.
E.g cremocarp, coriander.

Question 6.
Define merosity.
Answer:
A number of floral parts per whorl is called merosity.

Question 7.
What are the 2 positions of Anther dehiscence?
Answer:
There are 2 types of anther opening relative to the anther of flower.

1. Introrse – Anther dehisces towards the centre. E.g dianthus
2. Extrorse – Anther dehisces towards the periphery. E.g Argemone

Question 8.
Name the three types of petals in papilionaceous corolla.
Answer:
The three types of petals in papilionaceous corolla:

1. Vexillum (standard)
2. wings (alae)
3. petals (carina)

Question 9.
What is a staminode? Give example.
Answer:
Sterile stamen is called staminode. e.g. Cassia

Question 10.
Define Pollinium.
Answer:
When the pollen grains are fused together as a single man, it is said to be pollinium.

Question 11.
List out the parts of a pistil.
Answer:
Ovary, style and stigma.

Question 12.
Define aestivation.
Answer:
Arrangement of sepals and petals in a floral bud.

Question 13.
What is mother axis?
Answer:
The branch that bears the flower is called mother axis.

Question 14.
What do you understand by the term “Pomology”?
Answer:
The branch of horticulture that deals with the study of fruits and their cultivation is called pomology.

Question 15.
How the seeds are classified based on endosperm?
Answer:
(a) Albuminous seed or Endospermous seed.
(b) Ex – Albuminous seed or non – Endospermous seed.

Question 16.
What is Spathe?
Answer:
In spadix, entire inflorescence is covered by a brightly colored or hard bract called a spathe.

Question 17.
Differentiate Apocarpous and Syncarpous ovary.
Answer:
Apocarpous and Syncarpous ovary:

1. Apocarpous: A pistil contains two or more distinct carpels. Example: Annona
2. Syncarpous: A pistil contains two or more carpels which are connate. Example: Citrus and Tomato

Question 19.
Give examples for the following fruit types:

1. Berry
2. Hesperidium

Answer:

1. Berry: Tomato
2. Hesperidium: Orange

III. Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks)

Question 1.
Distinguish between Monoecious & Dioecious.
Answer:
Between Monoecious & Dioecious:

1. Monoecious: Both male and female flowers are present in the same plant, e.g., Coconut
2. Dioecious:  Male and female flowers are present on separate plants, e.g., Papaya

Question 2.
Explain Bilateral symmetry.
Answer:
In bilateral symmetry, the flower can be divided into equal halves in only one plane. Zygomorphic flowers can efficiently transfer pollen grains to visiting pollinators. Example: Pisum.

Question 3.
Differentiate Apopetalous from Sympetalous.
Answer:
Apopetalous from Sympetalous:

1. Apopetalous (or) Polypetalous: Petals are distinct, e.g., Hibiscus.
2. Sympetalous (or) Gamopetalous: Petals are fused, e.g., Datura.

Question 4.
Define Placentation & mention their types.
Answer:
The mode of distribution of placenta inside the ovary is called placentation. Types of placentation: Marginal, Axile, Superficial, Parietal, Free – central and Basal.

Question 5.
Write the floral formula for the Hibiscus rosasinensis.
Answer:

Question 6.
What is Parthenocarpic fruit?
Answer:
Development of fruits without fertilization are called Parthenocarpic fruit. They are seedless fruits. Example: Banana.

Question 7.
From which type of flowers does the aggregate fruit develops?
Answer:
Aggregate fruits develop from a single flower having an apocarpous pistil. Each of the free carpels develops into a simple fruitlet. A collection of simple fruitlets makes an aggregate fruit.

Question 8.
Classify seeds based on their cotyledons.
Answer:
Based on the number of cotyledons present, two types of seeds are recognized.

1. Dicotyledonous seed: Seed with two cotyledons.
2. Monocotyledonous seed: Seed with one cotyledon.

Question 9.
List out any 3 significances of seed.
Answer:
3 significances of seed:

1. The seed encloses and protects the embryo for next generation.
2. Seeds of various plants are used as food, both for animals and humans.
3. Seeds are the products of sexual reproduction so they provide genetic variations and recombination in a plant.

Question 10.
What is the importance of inflorescence?
Answer:
Function of the inflorescence is to display the flowers for effective pollination and facilitate seed dispersal. The grouping of flowers in one place gives a better attraction to the visiting pollinators and maximizes the energy of the plant.

Question 11.
Draw the line diagram for the following inflorescence.
Answer:
(a) Simple Dichasium:

(b) Compound Dichasium:

IV. Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)

Question 1.
Explain the fixation of anthers.
Answer:
On the basis of fixation of filament to the anther, there are 4 types

1. Basifixed (innate): Filament attached to the base of the anther – E.g. Datura
2. Dossifixed: Filament attached to the dorsal side – E.g. Hibiscus
3. Versatile: Filament attached to the back of anther at the midpoint – E.g. Grasses
4. Adnate: Filament is continued from base to the apex – E.g. Verbena

Question 2.
Explain the different types of flowers based on the position of ovary.
Answer:
Based on the position of ovary, a flower can be classified as:

1. Hypogynous: The term is used for sepals, petals and stamens attached at the base of a superior ovary, e.g. Malvaceae.
2. Epihypogynous: The term is used for sepals, petals and stamens attached at the middle of the ovary (half – inferior), e.g. Fabaceae and Rosaceae.
3. Epigynous: The term is used for sepals, petals and stamens attached at the tip of an inferior ovary, e.g. Cucumber, apple and Asteraceae.
4. Perigynous: The term is used for a hypanthium attached at the base of a superior ovary.
5. Epiperigynous: The term is used for hypanthium attached at the apex of an inferior ovary.

Question 14.
Distinguish between true fruit, false fruit & parthenocarpic fruit.
Answer:
True fruit – Only fertilized ovary of the flower develops into fruit
False fruit – In addition to ovary non-carpellary parts like thalamus, perianth, involucre, and perianth develop into fruit eg. Applejack, English walnut
Parthenocarpic fruit – Development with fertilization and the fruits are seedless.

Question 15.
Define aestivation. Explain its types with examples.
Answer:

Question 5.
Distinguish between racemose and cymose inflorescence.
Answer:
Racemose inflorescence

1. Main axis of unlimited growth
2. Flowers arranged in an acropetal succession
3. Opening of flowers is centripetal
4. Usually the oldest flower at the base of the inflorescence axis.

Cymose inflorescence:

1. Main axis of limited growth
2. Flowers arranged in a basipetal succession
3. Opening of flowers is centrifugal
4. Usually the oldest flower at the top of the inflorescence axis.

Question 6.
Write in detail about head inflorescence.
Answer:
Head: A head is a characteristic inflorescence of Asteraceae and is also found in some members of Rubiaceae. Example: Neolamarkia cadamba and Mitragyna parvifolia; and in some members of Fabaceae – Mimosoideae, example: Acacia nilotica, Albizia lebbeck, Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant). Torus contains two types of florets:

1. Disc floret or tubular floret.
2. Ray floret or ligulate floret.

Heads are classified into two types:

1. Homogamous head: This type of inflorescence exhibits a single kind of florets. The inflorescence has disc florets alone. Example: Vernonia, Ageratum or Ray florets alone. example: Launaea, Sonchus.
2. Heterogamous head: The inflorescence possesses both types of florets. Example: Helianthus, Tridax.

Disc florets at the centre of the head are tubular and bisexual whereas the ray florets found at the margin of the head which are ligulate pistilate (unisexual).

Question 7.
Define Merosity and what are its types.
Answer:
The number of floral parts per whorl is called merosity Perianth merosity is the number of perianth parts per whorl.lt can divided into 2 types

1. Isomerous – Same no of perianth parts in different whorls of a flower
2. Anisomerous – Each whorl contain a different number of members

Isomerous

• Bimerous – Floral parts into two or multiples of two
• Trimerous – Floral parts into three or multiples of three
• Tetramerou – Floral parts into four or multiples of four
• Pentamerous – Floral parts into five or multiples of five

Question 8.
Draw a flow chart depicting the classification of fruits.
Answer:

Question 9.
Explain in detail about any two special inflorescences.
Answer:
The inflorescences do not show any of the development pattern types are classified under a special type of inflorescence.
1. Cyathium: Cyathium inflorescence consists of small unisexual flowers enclosed by a common involucre which mimics a single flower. Male flowers are organized in a scorpioid manner. Female flower is solitary and centrally located on a long pedicel. Male flower is represented only by stamens and female flower is represented only by pistil. Cyathium may be actinomorphic (Example: Euphorbia) or zygomorphic (Example: Pedilanthus) Nectar is present in involucre.

2. Hypanthodium: Receptacle is a hollow, globose structure consisting unisexual flowers present on the inner wall of the receptacle. Receptacle is closed except a small opening called ostiole which is covered by a series of bracts. Male flowers are present nearer to the ostiole, female and neutral flowers are found in a mixed manner from middle below. Example: Ficus sp. (Banyan and Pipal).

V. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTs)

Question 1.
Brinjal fruit has persistent calyx. Have you ever noticed the same in any other fruits? Name them.
Answer:
Tomato, Lady’s finger, guava and chilli also have persistent calyx.

Question 2.
Whether parthenocarpic fruits develop endosperm? Why?
Answer:
No, parthenocarpic fruits are developed without fertilization, but endosperm will form only after fertilization. So parthenocarpic fruits do not have endosperm.

Question 3.
Ovary develops into fruit after fertilization. While eating an Apple which part do you eat? Explain.
Answer:
Apple belongs to false fruit. In false fruits, apart from the ovary, non – carpellary parts also develop into fruit. In apple, the thalamus develops into fleshy edible part.

Question 4.
Cremocarp and Carcerulus both are schizocarpic fruits yet they differ. How?
Answer:
Cremocarp:

1. Fruit develops from syncarpous inferior ovary.
2. Ripened fruit split into two, one – seeded segments called mericarps.

Carcerulus:

1. Fruit develops from syncarpous superior ovary.
2. Ripened fruit split into four, one – seeded segments called nutlets.

Question 5.
Mango and coconut are ‘drupe’ type of fruits. In Mango, the edible part is fleshy mesocarp. What does the milk of tender coconut represent?
Answer:
Endosperm is the liquid (milk) potable part of tender coconut, which is rich in nutrients and is formed as a result of triple fusion.

Question 6.
Pick out correct ratio of the male flower to female flower in cyathium inflorescence and explain it?
(a) one : one
(b) one : many
(c) many : many and
(d) many : one.
Answer:
(a) One : one – Cyathium has single female flower represented by pistil and male flower represented by stamen.

Question 7.
Pollen differs from pollinium. How?
Answer:
Pollen are microspores which produces male gametes, whereas pollinium refers to the single mass of fused pollen grains.

Question 8.
Sunflower is not a flower – Justify your answer.
Answer:
Sunflower is actually an inflorescence not a single flower. The inflorescence of the sunflower is a capitulum composed of disc florets and ray florets.

Question 9.
Flower is a modified shoot for reproduction – Give possible evidence.
Answer:
Modified shoot for reproduction:

• Floral leaves (sepals and petals) are modified leaves.
• Floral and vegetative buds both emerge either in terminal or axillary position.
• Foliage leaves and floral leaves have identical arrangement on stem.

Question 10.
Is tomato a fruit or vegetable? Explain.
Answer:
Yes, tomato is a fruit. Because it develops from the ripened ovary and bears seeds, whereas vegetable refers to all other plant parts like root, stem and leaves.

Question 11.
What is caruncle? Where it is seen? How it helps the plant?
Answer:
Caruncle is the fleshy outgrowth at the base of seed. Usually caruncle helps in the seed dispersal, particularly by ants (Myrmecophily).

Question 12.
Both the prefixes (Uni – and Mono -) have the same meaning i.e. one in number. Does it mean that unisexual and monoecious are the same?
Answer:
That unisexual and monoecious:

1. Unisexual refers to the sex of flower (i.e. whether it has anther or carpel).
2. Monoecious refers to the plant bearing both the sexes in their flowers.

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