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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Zoology Solutions Chapter 1 The Living World
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Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Zoology The Living World Text Book Back Questions and Answers
Multiple Choice Question and Answers
Choose the correct answer
Samacheer Kalvi Guru 11th Zoology Question 1.
A living organism is differentiated from a non-living structure based on
(a) Reproduction
(b) Growth
(c) Metabolism
(d) All the above
Answer:
(c) Metabolism
11th Zoology 1st Chapter Question 2.
A group of organisms having similar traits of a rank is
(a) Species
(b) Taxon
(c) Genus
(d) Family
Answer:
(a) Species
Zoology Chapter 1 Class 11 Question 3.
Every unit of classification regardless of its rank is
(a) Taxon
(b) Variety
(c) Species
(d) Strain
Answer:
(a) Taxon
Class 11 Zoology Chapter 1 Question 4.
Which of the following is not present in same rank?
(a) Primata
(b) Orthoptera
(c) Diptera
(d) Insecta
Answer:
(a) Primata
List Any Five Salient Features Of Family Felidae Question 5.
What taxonomie aid gives comprehensive information about a taxon?
(a) Taxonomic Key
(b) Herbarium
(c) Flora
(d) Monograph
Answer:
(a) Taxonomic Key
Zoology Class 11 Chapter 1 Question 6.
Who coined the term biodiversity?
(a) Walter Rosen
(b) AG Tansley
(c) Aristotle
(d) AP de Candole
Answer:
(a) Walter Rosen
11th Samacheer Bio Zoology Book Back Answers Question 7.
Cladogram considers the following characters –
(a) Physiological and Biochemical
(b) Evolutionary and Phylogenetic
(c) Taxonomie and systematic
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Evolutionary and Phylogenetic
Samacheer Kalvi Guru 11th Bio Zoology Question 8.
Molecular taxonomic tool consists of –
(a) DNA and RNA
(b) Mitochondria and Endoplasmic reticulum
(c) Cell wall and Membrane proteins
(d) All the above
Answer:
(a) DNA and RNA
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Zoology Guide Question 9.
Differentiate between probiotic and pathogenic bacteria.
| Probiotic bacteria | Pathogenic bacteria | ||
| 1. | Probiotic bacteria are beneficial bacteria. | 1. | Pathogenic bacteria are harmful bacteria. |
| 2. | The bacteria which cause fermentation are examples of probiotic bacteria. ‘ | 2. | The disease causing bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis are pathogenic. |
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Zoology Solutions Question 10.
Why mule is sterile in nature?
Answer:
Mule gets one set of chromosomes (32) from the male parent, horse and one set of chromosomes (31) from the female parent, donkey. These two sets of chromosomes do not match with each other and cannot produce gametes by meiosis. Hence mule is sterile in nature.
Salient Features Of Family Felidae Question 11.
List any five salient features of the family Felidae.
Answer:
- The species in the Felidae family are carnivores or omnivores.
- Felids are generally solitary with a few exceptions.
- They have sharp vision, hearing and a strong sense of smell.
- They have short faces and their paws have toes in the 5 forefeet and 4 toes in the hind feet.
- Most Felids live in the wild e.g. cat, tiger, lion, cheetah.
Samacheer Kalvi Guru 11th Biology Question 12.
What is the role of Charles Darwin in relation to concept of species?
Answer:
Charles Darwin’s book on Origin of Species explains the evolutionary connections of species by the process of natural selection.
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Zoology Book Back Answers Question 13.
Why elephants and other wild animals are entering into human living area?
Answer:
Elephants and other wild animals enter into human living area because of the loss of their habitat, deforestation, mono-culture vegetation by destroying forests
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Zoology Solutions Question 14.
What is the difference between a Zoo and wild life sanctuary?
Answer:
|
Zoo |
Wild Life Sanctuary |
||
| 1. | Zoo is a place where animals and birds are in captivity of artificially created habitat. | 1. | Wild life sanctuary is the natural habitat of wild animals and birds. |
| 2. | Public can have easy access to the zoo. | 2. | Public does not have easy access to the wild life sanctuaries. |
| 3. | Zoo is based on commercial aspects. | 3. | Sanctuaries are non-commercial. |
| 4. | Animals are caged and hence they are not free to roam about. | 4. | In a sanctuary, animals can roam about freely. |
Samacheer Kalvi 11 Zoology Solutions Question 15.
Can we use recent molecular tools to identify and classify organisms?
Answer:
The recent molecular taxonomical tools can be used to identify and classify the organism. The following molecular techniques and approaches are used in molecular tools.
- DNA barcoding – Short genetic marker in an organism’s DNA to identify whether it belongs to a particular species.
- DNA hybridization – Measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences.
- DNA fingerprinting – to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA.
- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis – the difference in homologous DNA sequences can be detected by the presence of fragments of different lengths after digestion of DNA samples.
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing- to amplify a specific gene or portion of the gene.
The Living World Class 11 Question 16.
Explain the role of Latin and Greek names in Biology.
Answer:
Aristotle (384 to 322 BC) was the first to classify all animals in his Historia Animalium in Latin. He classified the living organisms into plants and animals. Animals were classified as walking (terrestrial), flying (birds), and swimming (aquatic) based on their locomotion.
He classified the animals with red blood cells as Enaima and those without red blood cells as Anima. Though his method of classification had limitations, his contribution to biology was remarkable. Theophrastus did his research on the classification of plants. He was known as the Father of Botany.
In-Text Questions Solved
The Living World Class 11 Pdf Question 1.
If you find an animal with four legs, with two eyes, paired ear pinna, covered with fur, possessing mammary gland, which class will you position it? How will you give a binomial name, if you are the first person to discover and report that animal.
Answer:
Do it yourself.
Question 2.
What may be the reasons for the extinction of Dinosaurs? If you know the reasons for their extinction, why Sparrows are listed as endangered species?
Answer:
The extinction of the dinosaurs is an enigma that has captivated scientists for well over a century. We find the fossilized remains of giant reptiles all over the earth.
Yet we do not see any of the creatures alive today. If sparrows are not there the population of birds of prey may also be affected. Apart from this, every constitute of an ecosystem is important from an ant to an elephant. We are eliminating species by species which are important links which make the web of life. Today it’s these species which are getting extinct.
Textbook Activity Solved
The main objective of this activity is to check the students understanding about animals and its characteristics before learning the lesson. Observe the picture given below, identify the animals and classify them according to you own understanding write one character about each class of animals.
Take the students to the school ground and ask them to observe and identify few invertebrates (insects, earthworm, spiders etc). Ask the students to write few characteristics of each animal which they have observed.
| SI. No | Name of the Animal | Known Character | Class | Habitat |
|
1 |
Elephant |
Terrestrial | Mammalia | Land |
| 2 | Bird | Flying | Aves |
Aerial |
|
3 |
Crocodile | Ammotic egg | Reptilia |
Water |
|
4 |
Fish | Cold blooded | Pisces | Sea |
Entrance Examination Questions Solved
Choose the correct answer:
Question 1.
Biodiversity is
a. A species live in a particular ecosystem.
b. Presence of a large number of species in a particular ecosystem.
c. A species live in a different ecosystem.
d. Many species live in more than one ecosystem.
Answer:
b. Presence of a large number of species in a particular ecosystem.
Question 2.
Taxonomically a species is ……….. (PMT-94)
(a) A group of evolutionary related population
(b) A fundamental unit in the phylogeny of organisms
(c) Classical evolutionary taxonomy
(d) A community taken into consideration. An evolutionary base.
Answer:
(b) A fundamental unit in the phylogeny of organisms
Question 3.
Who is “Father of Botany”?
a. Theophrastus
b. John Ray
c. Carolus Linnaeus
d. Aristotle
Answer:
a. Theophrastus
Question 4.
Two words comprising the binomial nomenclature are ………… (DPMT-96)
(a) Family & genus
(b) order & family
(c) genus & species
(d) species & variety
Answer:
(c) genus & species
Question 5.
Find the correct pair.
1. Domestic Cat – Felis silvestris
2. Wildcat – Felis margarita
3. Wildcat – Felis Domestica
4. Tiger – Panthera tigers
Answer:
4. Tiger – Panthera tigers
Question 6.
Which of the following is the correct sequence in the increasing order of complexity? (PMT-97)
(a) molecules, tissues, community, population
(b) cell, tissues, community, population
(c) tissues, organisms, population, community
(d) molecules, tissues, community, cells
Answer:
(c) tissues, organisms, population, community
Question 7.
Find the unrelated pair.
a. Carl Woese – Trinominal hypothesis
b. Cavalier-Smith – Seven kingdom system
c. Male Lion and female Tiger results in – Hinny
d. Male Tiger and female Lion results in – Tigon
Answer:
c. Male Lion and female Tiger results in – Hinny
Question 8.
Two organisms of same class but different families will be kept under the same ……… (CET-98)
(a) genera
(b) species
(c) order
(d) family
Answer:
(c) order
Question 9.
The prokaryotes that produce methane gas belongs to …………………… kingdom.
a. Monera
b. Eukarya
c. Bacteria
d. Archaea
Answer:
d. Archaea
Question 10.
A community includes ……….. (CET-98)
(a) a group of same genera
(b) a group of same population
(c) a group of individuals from same species
(d) different populations interacting with each other
Answer:
(d) different populations interacting with each other
Question 11.
Binomial nomenclature was given by …………(BHU-97)
(a) Huxley
(b) Ray
(c) Darwin
(d) Linnaeus
Answer:
(d) Linnaeus
Question 12.
Three domain classification was proposed by:
a. Cavalier-Smith
b. R.H. Whittaker
c. Carolus Linnaeus
d. Carl Woese
Answer:
d. Carlwoese
Question 13.
Taxon is …………. (CET-2000)
(a) species
(b) unit of classification
(c) highest rank in classification
(d) group of closely related
Answer:
(b) unit of classification
Question 14.
One of the following includes most closely linked organisms ………… (PMT-2001)
(a) species
(b) genus
(c) family
(d) class
Answer:
(a) species
Question 15.
Where are the 80s and 70s ribosomes seen in Eukaryotic cells?
a. Cytoplasm – Chloroplast
b. Mitochondrial – Golgi apparatus
c. Chloroplast – Endo plasm reticulum
d. Nucleus – Lysosomes
Answer:
a. Cytoplasm – Chloroplast
Question 16.
Inbreeding is possible between two members of ………… (AMU-2005)
(a) order
(b) family
(c) genus
(d) species
Answer:
(d) species
Question 17.
Which of these is correct order of hierarchy? (WARDHA-2002)
(a) kingdom, division, phylum, genus & species
(b) phylum, division, genus & class
(c) kingdom, genus, class, phylum & division
(d) phylum, kingdom, genus, species &class
Answer:
(a) kingdom, division, phylum, genus & species
Question 18.
Which is not a unit of taxonomic category? (BVP-2002)
(a) series
(b) glumaceae
(c) class
(d) phylum
Answer:
(b) glum aceae
Question 19.
Which is the first step of taxonomy? (MGIMS-2002)
(a) nomenclature
(b) classification
(c) identification
(d) hierarchical arrangement
Answer:
(c) identification
Question 20.
The five kingdom classification was given by ………… (BYP-2002)
(a) Whittaker
(b) Linnacus
(c) Copeland
(d) Haeckel
Answer:
(a) Whittaker
Question 21.
Taxon includes ………… (PMT-2002)
(a) Genus and species
(b) kingdom and division
(c) all ranks of hierarchy
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) all ranks of hierarchy
Question 22.
Binomial nomenclature refers to …………. (CET – 2000)
(a) Two names of a species
(b) one specific and one local name of a species
(c) two words for the name of a species
(d) two life cycles of a organism
Answer:
(c) two words for the name of a species
Question 23.
Carl Linnaeus is famous for ………… (GGSPU-2002)
(a) coining the term ‘systematics’
(b) introducing binomial nomenclature
(c) giving all natural system of classification
(d) all of these
Answer:
(b) introducing binomial nomenclature
Question 24.
True species are …………
(a) interbreeding
(b) sharing the same niche
(c) feeding on the same food
(d) reproductively isolated
Answer:
(d) reproductively isolated
Question 25.
The smallest unit of classification is ………… (GGSPU-2002)
(a) species
(b) subspecies
(c) class
(d) genus
Answer:
(a) species
Question 26.
Who coined the term ‘taxonomy’? (BVP-2003)
(a) Candolle
(b) Waksman
(c) Leuwenhoek
(d) Louis Pasteur
Answer:
(a) Candolle
Question 27.
Basic unit of classification of organisms is ………… (CET-2003)
(a) species
(b) population
(c) class
(d) family
Answer:
(a) species
Question 28.
The unit of classification containing concrete biological entities is ……….. (WARDHA-2003)
(a) taxon
(b) species
(c) category
(d) order
Answer:
(a) taxon
Question 29.
Species are considered as …………..
(a) real basic units of classification
(b) the lowest units of classification
(c) artificial concept of human mind which cannot be defined in absolute terms
(d) real units of classification devised by taxonomists
Answer:
(a) real basic units of classification
Question 30.
The living organisms can be unexceptionally distinguished from the non-living things on the basis of their ability for …………
(a) interaction with the environment and progressive evolution
(b) reproduction
(c) growth and movement
(d) responsiveness to touch
Answer:
(b) reproduction
Question 31.
Taxonomic category arrange in descending order ……….. (MH-01)
(a) key
(b) hierarchy
(c) taxon
(d) taxonomic category
Answer:
(d) taxonomic category
Question 32.
In which of the animal dimorphic nucleus is found? (PMT 2002).
(a) Amoebaproteus
(b) Trypanosoma gambiense
(c) Plasmodium vivax
(d) Paramecium caudatum
Answer:
(d) Paramecium caudatum
Question 33.
When a fresh-water protozoan possessing a contractile vacuole, is placed in a glass containing marine water, the vacuole will ………. (PMT 2004)
(a) increase in number
(b) disappear
(c) increase in size
(d) decrease in size
Answer:
(d) decrease in size
Question 34.
Which form of reproduction is correctly matched? (AIIMS 2007)
(a) Euglena transvers binary fission
(b) Paramecium longitudinal binary fission
(c) Amoeba multiple fission
(d) Plasmodium binary fission
Answer:
(c) Amoeba multiple fission
Question 35.
The presence of two types of nuclei, a macronucleus and a micronucleus, is characteristic of protozoans are grouped under the class ……….. (BHU 1994, 1999)
(a) sporozoa
(b) flagellate
(c) sarcodina
(d) ciliata
Answer:
(d) ciliata
Question 36.
Which class of protozoa is totally parasitic? (BHU 1994)
(a) Sporozoa
(b) Mastigophora
(c) Ciliate
(d) Sarcodina
Answer:
(a) Sporozoa
Question 37.
Reproduction in Paramecium is controlled by ………. (BHU 1999).
(a) flagella
(b) cell wall
(c) micronucleus
(d) macronucleus
Answer:
(c) micronucleus
Question 38.
In the life cycle of Plasmodium exflagellation occurs in ……….. (BHU 2007)
(a) sporozoties
(b) microgametes
(c) macrogametes
(d) signet ring
Answer:
(b) microgametes
Question 39.
Excretion in Amoeba occurs through ………… (DPMT 1997)
(a) lobopodia
(b) plasma membrane
(c) uroid portion
(d) contractile vacuole
Answer:
(d) contractile vacuole
Question 40.
Method of dispersal in Amoeba is ……….. (DPMT 1995)
(a) locomotion
(b) encystment
(c) sporulation
(d) binary fission
Answer:
(b) encystment
Question 41.
Mode of feeding in free living protozoans is …………. (DPMT 2007).
(a) holozoic
(b) saprozoic
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) both (a) and (b)
Question 42.
Infection of Entamoeba is caused ………… (UP- CPMT 1996, 1999).
(a) by kissing
(b) by wearing clothes of patient
(c) by contaminated food
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) by contaminated food
Question 43.
Choose the correct statement.
(a) All reptiles have a three chambered heart.
(b) All Pisces have gills covered by a operculum
(c) All mammals are viviparous
(d) All cyclostomes do not possess jaws and paired fin
Answer:
(d) All cyclostomes do not possess jaws and paired fin
Question 44.
Which of the following characteristics is mainly responsible for diversification of insects on land?
(a) Segmentation
(b) Bilateral symmetry
(c) Exoskeleton
(d) Eyes
Answer:
(c) Exoskeleton
Question 45.
The primitive prokaryotes responsible for the production of biogas from the ruminant animals. Include the …………. (2016)
(a) Thermoacidophiles
(b) methanogens
(c) Eubacteria
(d) Halophiles.
Answer:
(b) methanogens
Question 46.
Methanogens belong to ………. (2016)
(a) Dinoflagellates
(b) Slime moulds
(c) Eubacteria
(d) Archaebacteria
Answer:
(d) Archaebacteria
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Bio Zoology The Living World Additional Questions Solved
Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct answer:
Question 1.
Which of the following is not correct with regard to ecosystem?
(a) It includes living and non-living things.
(b) It shows interrelationship among living things.
(c) It shows interrelationship among living and non-living things.
(d) It has a large number of species.
Answer:
(b) It shows interrelationship among living things.
Question 2.
Who was known as the father of Botany?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Carolus Linnaeus
(c) John Ray
(d) Theophrastus
Answer:
(d) Theophrastus
Question 3.
Who developed the scientific system of Taxonomy and Binomial nomenclature?
(a) R.H. Whittaker
(b) Carolus Linnaeus
(c) John Ray
(d) Charles Darwin
Answer:
(b) Carolus Linnaeus
Question 4.
The system of classification of organisms based on evolutionary and genetic relationship among organisms is called as –
(a) Natural system of classification
(b) Phylogenetic system of classification
(c) Binomial classification
(d) Trinomial classification
Answer:
(b) Phylogenetic system of classification
Question 5.
The bacteria which live in salty environment are called –
(a) Theromoacidophiles
(b) Methanogens
(c) Halophiles
(d) Pathogens
Answer:
(c) Halophiles
Question 6.
Which of the following is the characteristics of the domain Bacteria?
(a) They are eukaryotic organisms
(b) They have true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
(c) The ribosomes are of 80 s type in the cytoplasm
(d) They have membrane bound 70 s type ribosomes.
Answer:
(d) They have membrane bound 70 s type ribosomes.
Question 7.
Which of the following is not correct with regard to species?
(a) They have similar morphological features
(b) They are reproductively isolated
(c) They produce viable young ones
(d) They have similar anatomical features
Answer:
(b) They are reproductively isolated
Question 8.
The cross between male lion and female tiger results in the production of –
(a) Mule
(b) Tigon
(c) Liger
(d) Hinny
Answer:
(c) Liger
Question 9.
The related families constitute –
(a) Clans
(b) Phylum
(c) Genus
(d) Order
Answer:
(d) Order
Question 10.
Which of the following is not related to scientific names of organisms?
(a) There is only one name for a species.
(b) They are universally accepted.
(c) They are named based on the guidelines of the ICZN.
(d) They are not unique to an organism.
Answer:
(d) They are not unique to an organism.
Question 11.
Naja naja is the zoological name of –
(a) Indian house crow
(b) Indian cobra
(c) Emerald dove
(d) Indian peafowl
Answer:
(b) Indian cobra
Question 12.
Origin of species is the book written by –
(a) John Ray
(b) Charles Darwin
(c) Linnaeus
(d) Aristotle
Answer:
(b) Charles Darwin
Question 13.
Taxonomical keys are useful to study –
(a) Similarities and dissimilarities of animals
(b) Preserved plants and animals
(c) Animals kept in protected environments
(d) Plant taxonomy
Answer:
(a) Similarities and dissimilarities of animals
Question 14.
DNA hybridization is helpful to –
(a) Identify an individual from a sample of DNA
(b) Detect difference in homologous DNA sequences
(c) Measure the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences
(d) Amplify a specific gene
Answer:
(c) Measure the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences
Question 15.
DAISY, the cyber tool is –
(a) Digital automated identification system
(b) Digital automated information system
(c) Direct automated identification system
(d) Digital automated identification science
Answer:
(a) Digital automated identification system
Question 16.
INOTAXA is an e-Taxonomic resource useful for –
(a) Studying electron microscopic images to study molecular structures of cell organelles.
(b) Digital images and description about the species.
(c) Studying behaviour of organisms
(d) Identifying digital resources of animals.
Answer:
(b) Digital images and description about the species.
II. Give Reasons
Question 1.
Classification of organisms is necessary.
Answer:
Classification of organisms is necessary to recognise, identify them and differentiate closely related species.
Question 2.
Extremophiles inhabiting volcanic vents prepare food.
Answer:
Extremophiles inhabiting volcanic vents prepare food without sunlight and oxygen by utilizing hydrogen peroxide and other chemicals through chemosynthesis.
Question 3.
The mating between difference species produces sterile off springs.
Answer:
The maternal and paternal chromosomes of the off springs produced by the mating between different species are not identical and hence gametes are not produced by meiotic division.
Question 4.
Nomenclature of organisms is necessary.
Answer:
The unique nomenclature for each organisms is necessary as it is uniform in all countries and in all languages. A scientific name refers to only one organism.
Question 5.
Why are molecular tools used now to study taxonomy?
Answer:
Molecular tools are accurate and authentic. Hence they are used to study taxonomy.
III. Match the following
Question 1.
| 1. | Ecosystem | (a) Walter Rosen |
| 2. | Taxonomy | (b) Carolus Linnaeus |
| 3. | Biodiversity | (c) AP de Candolle |
| 4. | Species | (d) A.G. Tansley |
| 5. | Binomial nomenclature | (e) John Ray |
Answer:
- (d) A.G. Tansley
- (c) AP de Candolle
- (a) Walter Rosen
- (e) John Ray
- (b) Carolus Linnaeus
Question 2.
| 1. | Extremophiles | (a) Beneficial |
| 2. | Probiotic bacteria | (b) 70s type of ribosomes |
| 3. | Pathogenic bacteria | (c) membrane bound organelles |
| 4. | Eukarya | (d) Extreme conditions |
| 5. | Bacteria | (e) disease causing (f) 80s type of ribosomes |
Answer:
- (d) Extreme conditions
- (a) Beneficial
- (e) disease causing
- (c) membrane bound organelles
- (b) 70 s type of ribosomes
Question 3.
| 1. | Felis margarita | (a) Peafowl |
| 2. | Chalcophaps indica | (b) Red Panda |
| 3. | Pavo cristatus | (c) Tiger |
| 4. | Ailurus fulgens | (d) Jungle cat |
| 5. | Panthera Tigris | (e) Emerald dove |
Answer:
- (d) Jungle cat
- (e) Emerald dove
- (a) Peafowl
- (b) Red Panda
- (c) Tiger
Question 4.
| 1. | Historia Animalium | (a) Charles Darwin |
| 2. | Methodus plantarum | (b) R.H. Whittaker |
| 3 | Origin of species | (c) John Ray |
| 4 | Three Domain classification | (d) Aristotle |
| 5 | Five kingdom classification | (e) Carl Woese |
Answer:
- (d) Aristotle
- (c) John Ray
- (a) Charles Darwin
- (e) Carl Woese
- (b) R.H. Whittaker
Question 5.
| 1. | Museum | (a) Analysis of DNA |
| 2. | Taxonomical keys | (b) Similarities and dissimilarities of organisms. |
| 3. | Herbarium | (c) Difference in homologous DNA sequence |
| 4. | RFLP Analysis | (d) Preserved plants and animals |
| 5. | DNA fingerprinting | (e) Plant Taxonomy |
Answer:
- (d) Preserved plants and animals
- (b) Similarities and dissimilarities of organisms.
- (e) Plant Taxonomy
- (c) Difference in homologous DNA sequence
- (a) Analysis of DNA
Short Answer Questions
Question 1.
Classification of organisms is necessary.
Answer:
Classification of organisms is necessary to recognize, identify them, and differentiate closely related species.
Question 2.
What is biodiversity?
Answer:
The presence of a large number of species in a particular ecosystem is called biodiversity.
Question 3.
Distinguish between living and non-living things.
Answer:
|
Living things |
Non-living things |
||
| 1. | Living things exhibit life processes such as nutrition, respiration, excretion, metabolism, growth and movement. | 1. | Non-living things do not exhibit life processes. |
| 2. | These are biotic component of ecosystem. | 2. | These are abiotic component of ecosystem. |
Question 4.
What are the scientific stages of taxonomy?
Answer:
- Characterization
- Identification
- Nomenclature
- Classification
Question 5.
Define Taxonomy.
Answer:
It is the branch of science of identifying, describing, naming and classifying organisms.
Question 6.
What is phylogenetic or cladistics classification?
Answer:
It is a classification based on evolution and genetic relationship.
Question 7.
How did Aristotle classify organisms?
Answer:
Aristotle classified living organisms into plants and animals. Animals were classified into walking (terrestrial), flying (birds) and swimming (aquatic) based on their locomotion. Based on the presence or absence of red blood animals were classified into Enaima and Anaima.
Question 8.
What is a cladogram?
Answer:
Arranging organisms on the basis of their similar or derived characters produced a phylogenetic tree or cladogram.
Question 9.
What is natural system of classification?
Answer:
Linnaeus considered a few characters of organisms for classifying them. Later many characters were considered for classifying organisms. Morphological, anatomical and embryological characters were considered.
Question 10.
How Archaea differ from bacteria?
Answer:
If differs in cell wall composition and in membrane composition and rRNA type.
Question 11.
What is phylogenetic classification or cladistics?
Answer:
The classification of organisms based on evolutionary and genetic relationship among them is known as phylogenetic classification.
Question 12.
What is cladogram?
Answer:
A tree diagram which represents the evolutionary relationship among organisms is known as cladogram.
Question 13.
Define ‘Family’?
Answer:
It is a taxonomic category that includes a group of related genera with less similarity as compared to genus and species.
Question 14.
What is the significance of cladistic classification?
Answer:
Cladistic classification takes into account ancestral characters (traits commons for the entire group) and derived characters (traits whose structure and function differ from the ancestral characters). The accumulation of derived characters resulted in the formation of new subspecies.
Question 15.
Explain five kingdom classification of Whittaker.
Answer:
R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed the Five kingdom classification. They included Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. He classified organisms based on cell structure, nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.
Kinds of kingdom:
Question 16.
Describe three domain classification.
Answer:
Three domain classification was proposed by Carl Woese (1977) and his co-workers. They classified organisms based on the difference in 16s rRNA genes. This adds the taxon domain higher than the kingdom. In this system, prokaryotes are divided into two domains-bacteria and Arachaea.
All eukaryotes are placed under the domain Eukarya. Archae appears to have common features with Eukarya. Archaea differ from bacteria in cell wall composition and differ from bacteria and eukaryotes in membrane composition and RNA types.
Question 17.
Distinguish Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.
Answer:
Question 18.
Classify organisms on the basis of seven kingdom system.
Answer:
Question 19.
On whose guidelines naming animals in a scientific way is done?
Answer:
The naming of the organism is based on the guidelines of the international code of Zoological nomenclature.
Question 20.
Show the mating with closely related species.
Answer:
- Male Donkey – Female Horse – Mule
- Male Horse – Female donkey – Hinny
- Male lion – female tiger – Liger
- Male tiger – Female lion – Tiger
Question 21.
What is a museum?
Answer:
Biological museums have a collection of preserved plants and animals for study and ready reference.
Question 22.
Distinguish between Family and Order.
Answer:
Family:
- Family is a group of related genera.
- It is the lower taxon e.g. felidae
Order:
- Order is a group of related families.
- It is the higher taxon e.g. Carnivora
Question 23.
Distinguish between Class and Phylum.
Answer:
Class:
- The one or more related orders with some common characters is the class
- It is the lower taxon e.g. Mammalia.
Phylum:
- The related orders constitute the phylum.
- It is the higher taxon, e.g. Chordata.
Question 24
What are the advantages of assigning nomenclature to organisms?
Answer:
Assigning nomenclature or scientific name to organisms have advantages.
- They are universally accepted.
- Each organism has unique nomenclature.
- It avoids confusion in naming the organisms.
Question 25.
What are marine parks?
Answer:
Marine organisms are maintained in protected environments.
Question 26.
Define phylogeny.
Answer:
Relationships among various biological species based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.
Question 27.
What is trinomial nomenclature?
Answer:
Giving three names to the species is meant as trinomial nomenclature.
When members of any species have large variations then a trinomial system is used.
The species is classified into subspecies and this is an extension of the binomial nomenclature system which has an addition of subspecies. Followed by Genus name species subspecies name is also added.
Question 28.
What are the taxonomical tools used for the study of plants and animals?
Answer:
Herbarium and Botanical garden may be used as tools for the plant taxonomy. Museum, Taxonomical keys and Zoological parks are classical tools for animal studies. Field visits, survey, identification, classification, preservation and documentation are the important components of taxonomical tools.
Question 29.
Explain the classical taxonomical tools.
Answer:
Taxonomical tools are the tools for the study of classification of organisms. They include- Taxonomical keys: Keys are based on comparative analysis of the similarities and dissimilarities of organisms. There are separate keys for different taxonomic categories. Museum: Biological Museums have collection of preserved plants and animals for study and ready reference. Specimens of both extinct and living organisms can be studied.
Zoological parks:
These are places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under human care. It enables us to study their food habits and behavior.
Marine parks:
- Marine organisms are maintained in protected environments.
- Printed taxonomical tools: It consist of identification cards, description, field guides and manuals.
Question 30.
What are the limitations of Aristotle’s classification?
Answer:
Many organisms were not fitting into his classification. Frogs have lungs and they are amphibians while their larva, the tadpole is aquatic and respires through gills. It is difficult to classify frogs according to his method. All flying organisms such as birds, bats, flying insects were grouped together. Ostrich, emu, and penguin are flightless birds and hence they cannot be classified by his method.
Question 31.
What are neo – taxonomical tools?
Answer:
The new taxonomical tools which are based on electron microscopic images to study the molecular structure of cell organelles are neo-taxonomical tools.
Question 32.
What is INOTAXA?
Answer:
INOTAXA is an electronic resource for digital images and description about species. It was developed by Natural History Museum, London. INOTAXA means Integrated Open Taxonomic Access.
Question 33.
Scientists and their contribution for taxonomy.
Answer:
- Ecosystem – A.G. Tansley, 1935
- Biodiversity – Walter Rosen, 1985
- Taxonomy – AP de Candolle
- Father of Taxonomy (classical) – Aristotle
- Father of modem taxonomy, Founder of modem systematics – Carolus Linnaeus
- Aristotle – Historia Animalium
- Theophrastus – Father of Botany
- Species – John Ray (1627 – 1708)
- Five kingdom classification – R.H. Whittaker (1969)
- Three domain classification – Carl Woese (1977)
- Seven kingdom classification – Cavalier- Smith (1987)
- Binomial nomenclature – Carolus Linnaeus
- John Ray – Methodus Plantarum Nova and Historia Generalis Plantarum
- Trinomial nomenclature – Huxley and Stricklandt
- Charles Darwin – Origin of species
- Ernst Haeckal – Cladogram
Question 34.
Distinguish between Monotypic genus and polytypic genus
Answer:
Monotypic genus:
- If a genus has only one species, it is called a monotypic genus.
- e.g. Ailurus fulgens (red panda)
Polytypic genus:
- If a genus has more than one species, it is called polytypic genus.
- e.g. Felis domestica Felis margarita
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