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Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Solutions Chapter 1 Historical Background of Commerce in the Sub-Continent
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Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Historical Background of Commerce in the Sub-Continent Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers
I. Choose the Correct Answer
11th Commerce Chapter 1 Question 1.
The place where the goods are sold is ……………
(a) Angadi
(b) Market
(c) Nalangadi
(d) Allangadi
Answer:
(a) Angadi
Samacheer Kalvi Guru 11th Commerce Question 2.
Hindrance of place is removed by ……………
(a) Transport
(b) Warehouse
(c) Salesman
(d) Insurance
Answer:
(a) Transport
11th Commerce Oc Chapter 1 Exercise Solutions Question 3.
Who wrote “Arthasasthra”?
(a) Kautilya
(b) Chanakiya
(c) Thiruvalluvar
(d) Elangovadigal
Answer:
(a) Kautilya
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Solutions Question 4.
Trade and Commerce was common to …………… Dynasty.
(a) Pallava
(b) Chola
(c) Pandiya
(d) Chera
Answer:
(c) Pandiya
Question 5.
…………… was first sultan who paved way in the dense forest and helped traders to move from one market place to others place for their commercial caravans.
(a) Balban
(b) Vasco da Gama
(c) Akbar
(d) Alauddin Khilji
Answer:
(a) Balban
II. Very Short Answer Questions
Question 1.
What is meant by Barter system?
Answer:
Goods were exchanged for goods prior to invention of money.
Question 2.
What is meant by Nalangadi?
Answer:
The place where the goods were sold was called ‘Angadi’ in the Pandiya period. Day market was called as Nalangadi.
Question 3.
What is meant by Allangadi?
Answer:
The night market was called as Allangadi according to Saint Poet Ilango in Silapathigaram, Madurai-Kanchi.
III. Short Answer Questions
Question 1.
Explain the meaning of the term “Vanigam”.
Answer:
The word ‘Vanigam’ has been widely used in Sangam literature like Purananuru and Thirukkural. The earliest trading population of India was Indus valley people, who used the word ‘trade’. The word vaniyam or vanipam would have had a Dravidian origin.
Question 2.
State the meaning of Maruvurapakkam and Pattinapakkam.
Answer:
Big cities like Poompuhar had the ‘Maruvurappakam’ (inland town) and ‘Pattinapakkam’ (coastal town), had market and bazaars where many merchants met one another for the purpose of selling or buying different kinds of commodities and food stuff.
Question 3.
What is the role of Sangam in trade development of ancient Tamil Nadu?
Answer:
Sangam work refers to great traders, their caravans, security force, markets, marts and guilds of such great traders.
Question 4.
What are the ports developed by Pandiya kingdom?
Answer:
Port towns like Tondi, Korkai, Puhar and Muziri were always seen as busy with marts and markets with activities related to imports and exports. In such a brisk trade, people of the coastal region, engaged themselves in coastal trade and developed their intercontinental trade contacts.
Question 5.
What was focused in Arthasasthra about creation of wealth?
Answer:
Arthasasthra focused on creation of wealth as the means to promote the well being of the state. Kautilya advocated maintenance of perfect balance between State management and people’s welfare through trading activities.
IV. Long Answer Questions
Question 1.
What are the hindrances of business?
Answer:
Hindrances of business:
1. Hindrance of Person: Manufacturers do not know the place and face of the consumers. It is the retailer who knows the taste, preference and location of the consumers. The chain of middlemen consisting of wholesalers, agents and retailers establish the link between the producers and consumers.
2. Hindrance of Place: Production takes place in one centre and consumers are spread throughout the country and world. Rail, air, sea and land transports bring the products to the place of consumer.
3. Hindrance of Time: Consumers want products whenever they have money, time and willingness to buy. Goods are produced in anticipation of such demands.
4. Hindrance of risk of deterioration in quality: Proper packaging and modern air conditioned storage houses ensure that there is no deterioration in quality of products.
5. Hindrance of risk of loss: Fire, theft, floods and accidents may bring huge loss to the business.
6. Hindrance of knowledge: Advertising and communication help in announcing the arrival of new products and their uses to the people.
7. Hindrance of exchange: Money functions as a medium of exchange and enables the buying and selling of any product or service by payment of the right price.
8. Hindrance of finance: Producers and traders may not have the required funds at the time of their need.
9. Hindrance of developing the exact product: Research and development helps in developing the exact product or service which can satisfy the specific wants of consumers and thus improve the standard of living of the people.
10. Hindrance of both selection and delivery at doorsteps: E – Commerce enables the consumer to select the product in the website, place online orders and make payment after receiving the product at the doorstep.
Question 2.
State the constraints in barter system.
Answer:
1. Lack of double coincidence of Wants: Unless two persons who have surplus have the demand for the goods possessed by each other, baiter could not materialize. If this “coincidence of wants” does not exist, Barter cannot take place.
2. Non – existence of common measure of value: Barter system could not determine the value of commodities to be exchanged as they lacked commonly acceptable measures to evaluate each and every commodity.
3. Lack of direct contact between producer and consumers: It was not possible for buyers and sellers to meet face to face in many contexts for exchanging the commodities for commodities.
4. Lack of surplus stock: Absence of surplus stock was one of the impediments in barter system. If the buyers and sellers do not have surplus then no barter was possible.
Question 3.
Explain the development of Commerce and Trade in North India.
Answer:
India was prosperous even during the medieval period from 12th to 16th centuries despite political upheavals. Balban was the first sultan who paved the way in the dense forest and helped traders and their commercial caravans to move from one market place to others. Allauddin Khilji brought the price to a very low ebb. He encouraged import of foreign goods from Persia and subsidised the goods.
Arabs were dominant players in India’s foreign trade. They never discouraged Indian traders like Tamils, Gujaratis, etc. The trade between the coastal ports were in the hands and Marwaris and Gujiratis, The overland trade with central and west Asia was in the hands of Multanis who were Hindus and Khurasanis who were Afghans, Iranians and so on.
Question 4.
Briefly explain the coastal trade in ancient Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
Big cities like Poompuhar had the ‘Maruvurappakam’ (inland town) and ‘Pattinapakkam’ (coastal town), had market and bazaars where many merchants met one another for the purpose of selling or buying different kinds of commodities and food stuff. Port towns like Tondi, Korkai, Puhar and Muziri were always seen as busy with marts and markets with activities related to imports and exports. In such a brisk trade, people of the coastal region, engaged themselves in coastal trade and developed their intercontinental trade contacts.
They were engaged in different kinds of fishing pearls, and conches and produced salts and built ships. Boats like ‘Padagu’, ‘Thimil’, ‘Thoni’, ‘Ambu’, ‘Odampunai’, etc., were used to cross rivers for domestic trade while ‘Kalam’, ‘Marakalam’, ‘Vangam’, ‘Navai’, etc., were used for crossing oceans for foreign trade.
Question 5.
What do you know about the overseas trading partners of ancient Tamil Nadu?
Answer:
Foreigners who transacted business were known as Yavanars. Arabs who traded with Tamil were called ‘Jonagar’. Pattinappalai praised Kaveripumpattinam as a city where various foreigners of high civilization speaking different languages assembled to transact business with the support of the then Kingdom.
Many ports were developed during the Sangam period. Kaveripumpattinam was the chief port of the Kingdom of Cholas while Nagapattinam, Marakannam, Arikamedu, etc., were other small ports on the east coast. Similarly, Pandiyas developed Korkai, Saliyur, Kayal, Marungaurpattinam and Kumari for foreign trade. The State Governments installed check posts to collect customs along the highways and the ports.
Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Historical Background of Commerce in the Sub-Continent Additional Questions and Answers
I. Choose the Correct Answer:
Question 1.
The word ……………… has been widely used in Sangam literature like Purananuru and Thirukkural.
a) Commerce
b) Business
c) Trade
d) Vanigam
Answer:
d) Vanigam
Question 2.
…………….. means exchange of goods for goods.
(a) Insurance
(b) Money
(c) Barter System
(d) Transport
Answer:
(c) Barter System
Question 3.
Day market was called as …………………………..
a) Nalangadi
b) Angadi
c) Thinasari Santhai
d) Santhai
Answer:
a) Nalangadi
Question 4.
…………….. in Sangam period was both internal and external.
(a) Sales
(b) Education
(c) Industry
(d) Trade
Answer:
(d) Trade
Question 5.
Arabs Who traded with Tamil were called ……………………….
a) Vaniyar
b) Merchant
c) Seller
d) Jonagar
Answer:
d) Jonagar
Question 6.
Night market was called as ……………..
(a) Allangadi
(b) Street store
(c) Shop
(d) Maligai
Answer:
(a) Allangadi
Question 7.
……………………………… was a chief port of the Kingdom of Cholas.
a) Kaveripumpattinam
b) Kumari
c) Korkai
d) Kayal
Answer:
a) Kaveripumpattinam
Question 8.
Boats like …………….. were used to cross rivers for domestic trade.
(a) Fishings
(b) Kalam
(c) Marakalam
(d) Thimil
Answer:
(d) Thimil
Question 9.
………………………… serves as the link between the producer and the consumer.
a) Production
b) Trade
c) Commerce
d) Export
Answer:
c) Commerce
Question 10.
…………….. was the chief port of the Kingdom of Cholas.
(a) Marakannam
(b) Arikamedu
(c) Kayal
(d) Kaveripumpattinam
Answer:
(d) Kaveripumpattinam
Question 11.
…………….. Who advocated the maintenance of perfect balance between State management and people’s welfare through trading activities.
(a) Kautilya
(b) Pandiya
(c) Hebrew
(d) Chola
Answer:
(a) Kautilya
Question 12.
The profit margin allowed for traders ranged from 5% for indigenous goods and ……………..
for imported goods.
(a) 10%
(b) 5%
(c) 15%
(d) 20%
Answer:
(a) 10%
Question 13.
Who encouraged the import of foreign goods from Persia and subsidized the goods?
(a) Balban
(b) Sultan
(c) Alauddin Khilji
(d) Kautilya
Answer:
(c) Alauddin Khilji
Question 14.
Which one helps in announcing the arrival of new products and their uses to the people?
(a) Advertising
(b) Banking
(c) Trade
(d) Transport
Answer:
(a) Advertising
Question 15.
…………….. functions as a medium of exchange.
(a) Transport
(b) Banking
(c) Money
(d) Warehousing
Answer:
(c) Money
II. Very Short Answer Questions
Question 1.
What are all the supports of the trade network in Pandiya Country?
Answer:
The Hebrew and Latin literature, archaeological remains in Aden, Alexandria, Java, Sumatra, and even China add support to the trade network in Pandiya Country.
Question 2.
What is ‘Angadi’?
Answer:
The place where the goods were sold was called ‘Angadi’ in Pandiya Dynasty.
Question 3.
Name the boats used for domestic trade and foreign trade.
Answer:
Boats like Padagu, Thimil, Thoni, Ambu, Odampunai’ were used for domestic trade. Boats like ‘kalam, Marakalam, Vangam, Navai’ were used for foreign trade.
Question 4.
What type of boats were used to cross rivers for domestic trade?
Answer:
Boats like ‘Padgu’, ‘Thimil’, ‘Thom’, ‘Ambu’ ‘Odampunai’, etc., were used to cross rivers for domestic trade.
Question 5.
What are all the important aspects focused on by a state according to Kautilya?
Answer:
According to Kautilya the important aspects focused by a state are treasury, taxation, industry, commerce, agriculture, and conservation of natural resources.
Question 6.
How were the foreigners called in Ancient Tamil Nadu?
Answer:
Foreigners who transacted business were known as ‘yavanars’.
Question 7.
What are all the products flourished during the trade-in Pandiya Dynasty?
Answer:
Copper, cloth, salt, flour, sandalwood, fish, paddy, cereals, pearls are the products that flourished during the trade-in Pandiya Dynasty.
Question 8.
What was advocated by Kautilya?
Answer:
Kautilya advocated the maintenance of a perfect balance between State management and people’s welfare through trading activities.
Question 9.
Mention the two kings encourage the import of foreign trade in the 16th century in North India.
Answer:
Alauddin Khilji and Sultan Balban were the important kings who encourage the import of foreign trade in the 16th century in North India.
Question 10.
What are the constraints of the Barter System? (any two)
Answer:
- Lack of double coincidence of wants
- Non – existence of common measure of value
III. Short Answer Questions
Question 1.
Write a short note on “Angadi”.
Answer:
The place where the goods were sold was called “Angadi”. The day market was called Nalangadi while the night market was called Allangadi according to St.Poetllangoin Silapathigaram, Madurai-Kanchi.
Question 2.
What is the course of commercial activities in today’s technology-driven society?
Answer:
In a technology-driven society today again the course of commercial activities is heading for a cashless system through e-commerce which means business activities enabled through electronic modes like Online trading, Mobile banking and e-marketing.
Question 3.
What were the constraints in the barter system? (Any three)
Answer:
1. Lack of Double Coincidence of Wants:
Unless two persons who have surplus have the demand for the goods possessed by each other, barter could not materialize. If this “coincidence of wants” does not exist, barter cannot take place.
2. Non – existence of Common Measure of Value:
The barter system could not determine the value of commodities to be exchanged as they lacked commonly acceptable measures to evaluate each and every commodity.
3. Lack of Direct Contact between Producer and Consumers:
It was not possible for buyers and sellers to meet face to face in many contexts for exchanging the commodities for commodities.
Question 4.
Write any three hindrances of commerce.
Answer:
1. Hindrance of Person: Manufacturers do not know the place and face of the consumers. The chain of middlemen consisting of wholesalers, agents and retailers establish the link between the producers and consumers.
2. Hindrance of Place: Production takes place in one centre and consumers are spread throughout the country and world. Rail, air, sea and land transports bring the products to the place of the consumer.
3. Hindrance of Time: Consumers want products whenever they have money, time, and willingness to buy. Goods are produced in anticipation of such demands.
IV. Long Answer Questions
Question 1.
Discuss the Contribution given by ‘Kautilya’ to Trade.
Answer:
According to Kautilya, trade-in Medieval India was centralized. His Arthasastra describes the economy in Mauriyan time. The State designated certain places for selling the commodities. It levied duties on goods brought into the city and could be sold after payment of duty. The authorized merchants were allowed to engage in trade to sell at prices fixed by the chief controllers of State Trading.
The profit margin was fixed from 5 percent to 10 percent for imported goods. Kautilya gave importance to the State in relation to treasury, taxation, industry, commerce, agriculture, and conversation of natural resources. The creation of wealth is focused on as the means to promote the well-being of the state. He encouraged the maintenance of a perfect balance between State management and people’s welfare through trading activities.
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