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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science Geography Solutions Term 2 Chapter 1 Migration and Urbanisation
Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science Migration and Urbanisation Textbook Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer
Migration And Urbanisation 8th Class Question 1.
People move from …………… to …………… mainly in search of better jobs.
(a) Rural to Urban
(b) Urban to Rural
(c) Hills to plains
(d) Plains to hills
Answer:
(a) Rural to Urban
Question 2.
A person moves from his own country to another country is known as ……………
(a) Immigrant
(b) Refugee
(c) Emigrant
(d) Asylum seeker
Answer:
(c) Emigrant
Question 3.
The migration in search of fertile agricultural land is …………… migration.
(a) Rural to Rural
(b) Rural to Urban
(c) Urban to Rural
(d) Urban to Urban
Answer:
(a) Rural to Rural
Question 4.
War is one of the …………… causes of human migration.
(a) Demographic
(b) Socio – Cultural
(c) Political
(d) Economic
Answer:
(c) Political
Question 5.
The main reason for the development of urbanization in pre – historic period was ……………
(a) Production of food grains
(b) Domestication of cattle
(c) Fishing
(d) hunting
Answer:
(b) Domestication of cattle
II. Fill in the Blanks
- Urbanization is determined by …………… number of factors.
- …………… is the major push factor operating in rural areas.
- …………… Metropolitan city in India has the second highest urban population in the world.
- The movement of a person based on his free will and desire to live in a better place is …………… migration.
- In modem time urban growth was accelerated by the development of ……………
Answer:
- Three
- Poverty
- Delhi
- Voluntary
- Towns and cities
III. Match the following
- Emigration – In migration
- Immigration – Out migration
- Pull factor – Employment
- Push factor – Socio – Cultural migration
- Marriage – Employment opportunity
Answer:
- Emigration – Out migration
- Immigration – In migration
- Pull factor – Socio – Cultural migration
- Push factor – Employment opportunity
- Marriage – Employment
IV. State whether the following statements are True or False
- Slums are generally found in cities.
- Mass migration is absent in the modem period.
- The process of Urbanisation has a short history.
- Cities and towns are the major polluters of environment.
- Transhumance is also referred as seasonal migration.
Answer:
- True
- True
- False
- True
- True
V. Consider the given statements and choose the correct option the given ones
Statement (A) – Urbanisation is mainly due to the movement of people from rural to cities.
Reason (R) – Rural to Urban migration is not a predominant one.
(a) A is correct but R is incorrect
(b) Both A and R are incorrect
(c) Both A and R are correct
(d) A is incorrect and R is correct
Answer:
(a) A is correct but R is incorrect
VI. Answer the following questions in brief
Question 1.
Define “Migration”.
Answer:
Migration has been defined differently by different experts. In general migration is defined as the permanent or semi permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people over a significant distance. So, the term migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another.
Question 2.
What are the causes of rural to urban migration?
Answer:
- Ecological or Natural causes of migration
- Economic causes of migration
- Socio – cultural causes of migration
- Demographic causes of migration
- Political causes of migration
Question 3.
State the causes of the ecological or natural migration.
Answer:
- Natural causes include volcanic eruption, mankind changed considerably.
- At this stage, people continued to move from one region to another in search of fertile land for cultivation.
Question 4.
Name any two pull factor of migration.
Answer:
- Availability of better job opportunity.
- Fertile land
Question 5.
What is Urbanization?
Answer:
Urbanization refers to the process in which there is an increase in the proportion of population living in towns and cities.
Question 6.
List out any four most populous cities in the world.
Answer:
- Tokyo (Japan)
- Delhi (India)
- Shanghai (China)
- Mexico city (Mexico)
VII Answer the following questions in detail
Question 1.
What are the different types of migration? Explain.
Answer:
Migration can be classified in several ways. They are:
1. Based on the movement associated with administrative limits.
(a) Internal Migration
(b) International Migration
2. Based on the willingness of the migrants for migration.
(a) Voluntary Migration
(b) Involuntary Migration
3. Based on the duration of stay of migrants in the place of destination.
(a) Short term Migration
(b) Long term Migration
(c) Seasonal Migration
1. Based on the movement associated with administrative limits.
(a) Internal Migration:
- The movement of people within a country is known as internal migration.
- Further internal migration is classified into four types. They are,
- Rural to Urban migration
- Urban to Urban migration
- Rural to Rural migration and
- Urban to Rural migration
(b) International Migration:
Migration that occurs across the national boundaries are known as international migration.
2. Based on the Willingness of the migrants for migration:
(a) Voluntary migration:
- If the migration takes place on perspus free will, initiative and desire to live in a better place.
(b) Involuntary migration:
- If the migration takes place against the will of migrants is known as involuntary migration.
3. Based on the duration of stay of migrants in the place of destination:
(a) Short term migration:
- The migrants stay outside only for a short duration before returning to the place of origin.
(b) Long term migration:
- The migrants stay outside at least for a few years.
(c) Seasonal migration:
- Usually a group of people migrates from their native places during a particular season and return after end of that season.
- Transhumance is an another example of seasonal migration.
Question 2.
Explain in detail about the various causes of migration.
Answer:
1. Ecological or Natural causes of migration:
- The causes operate under this category are natural ones. They include Valcanic eruption, mankind changed considerably.
- At this stage, people continued to move from one region to another in search of fertile land for cultivation.
2. Economic causes of migration:
- Economy is one of the most important causes of human migration from one area to another.
- The availability of fertile agricultural land, employment opportunities, development of technology etc. are some of the economic causes that attract the migration.
3. Socio – cultural causes of migration:
- Socio – cultural causes also play some roles in the process of migration.
- For example, women after marriage.
4. Demographic causes of migration:
- In demographic sense, the population composition like age and sex, over population and under population are the major causes of migration.
- Over population is considered as a push factor and under population to be pull factor in the context of migration.
5. Political causes of migration:
- Various political causes like colonization, wars, Government policies etc. have always been playing important role in human migration from time to time.
Question 3.
Discuss the problems of urbanisation.
Answer:
1. Housing and Slums:
- There is a lack of space for housing and a marked reduction in the quality of housing in the urban areas due to increase in population.
2. Over Crowding:
- Over – crowding leads to unhealthy environment in the urban areas.
- It also the cause of many diseases and riots.
3. Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation:
- No city has round the clock water supply in the world.
- Drainage situation is equally bad.
- The removal of garbage is a Himalayan task for urban local bodies.
4. Transportation and Traffic:
- Absence of planned and adequate arrangements for traffic and transport is another problem in urban centers.
- The increasing number of two wheeler and cars make the traffic problem worse.
5. Pollution:
- Towns and cities are the major polluters of environment.
- Several cities discharge their entire sewage and industrial effluents untreated into the near by rivers. Industries in and around the urban centers pollute the atmosphere with smoke and toxic gases.
VIII. Map Study
Question 1.
On the outline map of the world mark the following places
- Tokyo
- New Delhi
- Mexico city
- Shanghai
- Sao Paulo
- Oceania
- Latin America
- Paris
- London
- Cairo
Answer:
IX. Activities
Question 1.
List out and analyze the reason for migration of people in your locality.
Answer:
People migrate for a number of reasons. The reasons and causes for migration would normally fall under these areas:
- Environmental – Better climate, calamities and natural disasters are examples of environmental causes or reasons.
- Economic – Moving to find work or moving to follow a particular career path is an example of economic cause or reason.
- Cultural – Religious freedom and education is an example of cultural cause or reason.
- Political – Civil war or escaping from political persecution is an example of political cause.
- Social – Moving for a better quality of life or moving closer to a family member or friend is an example of a social cause or reason.
Question 2.
Collect the pictures and information regarding the effects of urbanization and make an album.
Answer:
Activity to be done by the students.
Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science Migration and Urbanisation Additional Questions
I. Choose the correct answer:
Question 1.
…………… refers to the movement of people from one place to another.
(a) Privatization
(b) Migration
(c) Modernisation
(d) All the above
Answer:
(b) Migration
Question 2.
…………… move from rural to urban mainly in search of beter jobs.
(a) Children
(b) People
(c) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) People
Question 3.
…………… is determined by three number of factors.
(a) Globalization
(b) Privatization
(c) Liberalization
(d) Urbanization
Answer:
(d) Urbanization
Question 4.
Transhumance is also referred as …………… migration.
(a) Seasonal
(b) Migration
(c) Socio – Cultural Migration
(d) Mass Migration
Answer:
(c) Socio – Cultural Migration
Question 5.
Cities and towns are the major polluters of …………….
(a) Environment
(b) Urbanization
(c) Privatization
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Environment
Question 6.
Poverty is the major push factor operating in …………… areas.
(a) Urban
(b) Rural
(c) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Rural
Question 7.
Delhi Metropolitan City in India has the …………… highest urbam population in the world.
(a) First
(b) Third
(c) Second
(d) Fourth
Answer:
(c) Second
Question 8.
In …………… time urban growth was accelerated by the development of towns and cities.
(a) Modem
(b) Medieval
(c) Classical
(d) Ancient
Answre:
(a) Modern
Question 9.
…………… are generally found in cities.
(a) Fields
(b) Slums
(c) Wells
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Slums
Question 10.
…………… around the urban centers polluted the atmosphere with smoke and toxic gases.
(a) Trades
(b) Transhumances
(c) Industries
(d) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’
Answer:
(c) Industries
Question 11.
The favorable factors which attract people towards a location are called …………… factors.
(a) Push
(b) Pull
(c) Natural
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Pull
Question 12.
The unfavorable factors which make the people to move out from a location are called …………… factors.
(a) Push
(b) Pull
(c) Natural
(d) All of these
Answer:
(a) Push
Question 13.
Human migration is categorized under …………… groups.
(a) three
(b) four
(c) two
(d) five
Answer:
(d) five
Question 14.
Wars have been one of the significant causes of migration since …………….
(a) Modem time
(b) Ancient time
(c) Classical time
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Ancient time
Question 15.
Migration that occurs across the national boundaries are known as …………… migration.
(a) Urban
(b) Rural
(c) Involuntary
(d) International
Answer:
(d) International
Question 16.
…………… takes place on person’s free will, initiative and desire to live in a better place.
(a) Involuntary migration
(b) Voluntary migration
(c) Rural migration
(d) All of these
Answer:
(b) Voluntary migration
Question 17.
The movement of the people within a country is known as …………… migration.
(a) Urban migration
(b) Internal
(c) International
(d) Involuntary
Answer:
(b) Internal
Question 18.
…………… migration takes place against the will of migration.
(a) Rural
(b) Internal
(c) Involuntary
(d) Voluntary
Answer:
(c) Involuntary
Question 19.
Transhumance is an another example of …………… migration.
(a) Rural
(b) Seasonal
(c) Urban
(d) Voluntary
Answer:
(b) Seasonal
Question 20.
The industrial revolution in the …………… century
(a) 18th Century
(b) 20th Century
(c) 19th Century
(d) 16th Century
Answer:
(c) 19th Century
II. Fill in the blanks:
- …………… is one of the most important causes of human migration from one area to another.
- In 2017 …………… was the largest country of Origin of International migrants followed by Mexico.
- …………… Migration is the movement of population from rural areas to growing towns and cities.
- …………… in Urban areas leads to the pollution of air, water and soil.
- …………… is driven by three factors.
- To Improve their financial status, the migration is said to be ……………
- One of the most important aspect of Social Science is …………….
- Women mostly migrate after their ……………
- …………… to Urban migration is the migration between one urban center to the other like in search of higher salaries.
- Rural to urban migration is the most …………… one.
- …………… migration may be from a few days to few months.
- …………… migrants stay outside at least for a few years.
- …………… period primitive man started domestication of plants and animals.
- The excess production of food grains was the major reason for ……………
- During the beginning of the …………… century itself many cities were found near the Aegean Sea.
- …………… period starts from 17th century.
- The latest development in Urbanization was noticed in the continent of …………..
- In 1950 …………… percentage of the world’s population was Urban.
- The removal of …………… is a Himalayan task for urban local bodies.
- Industries in and around the Urban centers pollute the atmosphere with and …………… gases.
Answer:
- Economy
- India
- Rural to Urban
- Over population
- Urbanization
- Voluntary
- “Human Migration”
- Marriage
- Urban
- common
- Short – term
- Long – term
- Ancient period
- Urbanization
- 7th Century
- Modern
- Africa
- 30%
- garbage
- Smoke, toxic
III. Match the following:
Answer:
- e
- a
- d
- b
- c
Answer:
- c
- d
- a
- e
- b
IV. State True or False
- Transhumance is an example of short term migration.
- Wars have been considered as political causes of migration.
- Urbanization is driven by five factors.
- Modem period start from 20th century.
- Generally over population is considered as pull factor.
- In 2019, the total population in Northern America is 366,400,324
- One of the most important aspects of social science is “Birds Migration”.
- The favorable factors which attract people towards a location are called push factors.
- Unemployment is a economic causes of migration.
- Volcanic eruption is a social causes of migration.
Answer:
- False
- True
- False
- False
- False
- True
- False
- False
- True
- False
V. Consider the following statements and Tick (✓) the appropriate answer:
Question 1.
(i) During the early days, people moved from one place to another in search of food.
(ii) Human migration is categorized under two groups.
(iii) Various economic causes determine the level and direction of migration.
(iv) Migration that occurs across the national boundaries are known as international migration.
(a) (i), (ii) & (iii) are Correct
(b) (i), (ii) & (iv) are Correct
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) are Correct
(d) (i), (iii) and (iv) are Correct
Answer:
(d) (i), (iii) and (iv) are Correct
Question 2.
Statement (A): Large scale movement of people from rural to urban areas causes over crowding in cities.
Reason (R) : The over population in Urban areas leads to the pollution of air, water and soil.
(a) A is correct but R is incorrect
(b) Both A and R are incorrect
(c) Both A and R are correct
(d) A is incorrect and R is correct
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct!
Question 3.
Which one of the following is correctly matched?
(a) Brain drain – Economic consequence
(b) Environmental causes – Earth quake
(c) Example for Demographic consequences – People become generous.
(d) Social consequences – Pollution of air, water
Answer:
(a) Brain drain – Economic consequence
Question 4.
Which one of the following is not correctly matched?
(a) Short term migration – Few years
(b) Long term migration – Stay outside at least few years
(c) Involuntary migration – Migration take place against the will.
(d) Europe – Female migrants outnumber male migrants.
Answer:
(a) Short term migration – Few years
VI. Answer the following one or two sentences
Question 1.
What do you mean by Migration?
Answer:
The term migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another.
Question 2.
What are the Factors influencing Migration?
Answer:
- There are number of factors which are responsible for the migration of human population.
- These factors can be grouped under the heads of favorable and unfavorable factors.
Question 3.
What is pull factors?
answer:
The favorable factors which attract people towards a location are called pull factors.
Question 4.
What is push factors?
Answer:
The unfavorable factors which make the people to move out from a location are called push factors.
Question 5.
Write a short note on Economic causes of Migration.
Answer:
- Economy is one of the most important causes of human migration from one area to another.
- The availability of fertile agricultural land, employment opportunities, development of technology etc. are some of the economic causes that attract the migration.
Question 6.
What is Demographic causes of Migration?
Answer:
In demographic sense, the population composition like age and sex, over population and under population are the major causes of migration.
Question 7.
What is voluntary migration?
Answer:
- If the migration takes place on person’s free will, initiative and desire to live in a better place.
- To improve their financial status, the migration is said to be voluntary.
Question 8.
What are the consequences of Migration?
Answer:
- Demographic consequences.
- Social consequences.
- Economic consequences.
- Environmental consequences.
Question 9.
What are the factors influencing urbanization?
Answer:
Urbanization is driven by three factors. They are,
- Natural population growth.
- Rural to Urban Migration and
- Reclassification bf rural areas into urban areas.
VII. Answer the following in detail
Question 1.
Describe the consequences of Migration.
Answer:
1. Demographic consequences:
It changes age and sex composition of population. Migration of females after their marriage leads to decline in sex ratio in the source regions and increase the sex ratio in the regions of destinations.
2. Social consequences:
The Migration of people from different regions towards an urban area leads to the formation of plural society. It helps the people to come out of narrow mindedness and people become generous.
3. Economic consequences:
The Migration of more people from over populated to under populated regions results the imbalance of the resource – population ratio. In some cases, the regions of over and under population may become the regions of optimum population. Migration may influence the occupational structure of the population of our area. Brain drain is a consequence of migration.
4. Environmental consequences:
Large scale movement of people from rural to urban areas causes overcrowding in cities and puts heavy pressure on resources. It leads to rapid growth of cities. The over population in urban areas leads to the population of air, water and soil. The lack of space for housing and the rising off and cost lead to the formation of slums.
Question 2.
Explain about the demographic causes of migration and political causes of migration.
Answer:
Demographic causes of Migration:
- In demographic sense, the population composition like age and sex, over population and under population are the major causes of migration.
- It is well known fact that adults are more migratory than any other age-groups.
- Women mostly migrate after their marriage.
- Generally over population is considered as a push factor and under population to be Pull factor in the context of migration.
Political cause of Migration:
- Various political causes like colonization, wars, government policies etc. have always been playing important role in human migration from time to time.
- Wars have been one of the significant causes of migration since ancient time.